Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: добре обоснован страх от преследване
- CZ: podložená obava z pronásledování
- DE: begründete Furcht vor Verfolgung
- EE: põhjendatud tagakiusamise kartus
- EN: well-founded fear of persecution
- ES: temor justificado de persecución
- FI: perusteltu vainon pelko
- FR: crainte fondée de persécution
- GA: faitíos roimh ghéarleanúint a bhfuil bunús / údar maith leis
- HU: üldöztetéstől való megalapozott félelem
- IT: giustificato timore di persecuzione
- LT: visiškai pagrįsta baimė būti persekiojamam
- LV: pamatotas bailes no vajāšanas
- MT: Biża’ ġustifikata ta’ persekuzzjoni
- NL: gegronde vrees voor vervolging
- NO: velbegrunnet frykt for forfølgelse (b) / velgrunna frykt for forfølging (n)
- PL: uzasadniona obawa przed prześladowaniem
- RO: teamă de persecuţie bine fondată
- SE: välgrundad fruktan för förföljelse
- SK: opodstatnená obava z prenasledovania
- SL: utemeljen strah pred preganjanjem
The fear of persecution experienced by an applicant for international protection that is considered both genuine and objectively justifiable (e.g. because the person concerned has already been subject to persecution or serious harm, or to direct threats of such persecution or such harm, and there is no good reason to consider that such persecution or serious harm will not be repeated).
2. The subjective element is satisfied if the applicant‘s fear of persecution is genuine. In the context of refugee status determination, fear has been defined as an apprehension or awareness of danger. General dissent or disagreement with a government or the desire for more personal freedom or an improved economic situation without anything more does not satify this element (see UNHCR guidelines on international protection on the UNHCR website).
3. The objective element is satisfied when the applicant has established that there is a reasonable possibility that they will actually suffer the feared persecution.
- BG: търсещ убежище
- CZ: žadatel o azyl
- DE: Asylbewerber (EU acquis) / Asylwerber (AT)
- EE: varjupaigataotleja
- EN: asylum seeker
- ES: solicitante de asilo
- FI: turvapaikanhakija
- FR: demandeur d’asile
- GA: iarratasóir ar thearmann
- GR: αιτών άσυλο
- HU: menedékkérő
- IT: richiedente asilo
- LT: prieglobsčio prašytojas
- LV: patvēruma meklētājs
- MT: Applikant(a) għall-ażil
- NL: asielzoeker
- NO: asylsøker (b) / asylsøkjar (n)
- PL: osoba ubiegająca się o nadanie statusu uchodźcy (azyl)
- PT: requerente de asilo
- RO: solicitant de azil
- SE: asylsökande
- SK: žiadateľ o udelenie azylu / žiadateľ o azyl
- SL: prosilec za azil
In the EU context, a third-country national or stateless person who has made an application for protection under the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol in respect of which a final decision has not yet been taken.
2. Outside EU legislation, the terms ‘asylum seeker’ or ‘asylum applicant’ are often used more frequently than ‘applicant for international protection’ in the everyday use of the term.
- BG: субект на преследване
- CZ: původce pronásledování
- DE: Akteur, von dem eine Verfolgung oder ein ernsthafter Schaden ausgehen kann
- EE: tagakiusaja
- EN: actor of persecution
- ES: agentes de persecución
- FI: vainon harjoittajat
- FR: acteur de la persécution
- GA: gníomhaí géarleanúna (iolra: gníomhaithe géarleanúna)
- GR: φορείς δίωξης
- HU: üldöz(tet)és forrásai / alanyai
- IT: responsabili di persecuzione
- LT: persekiojimo vykdytojas
- LV: vajāšanas dalībnieks
- MT: Aġent / Awtur t’att ta’ persekuzzjoni
- NL: daders van vervolging
- NO: aktører som er ansvarlig for forfølgelse / aktører som utøver forfølgelse (b) / aktørar som er ansvarlege for forfølging / aktørar som utøver forfølging (n)
- PL: prześladowca
- PT: agentes de perseguição
- RO: agent de persecutie
- SE: aktörer som utövar förföljelse
- SK: pôvodca prenasledovania / aktér prenasledovania
- SL: storilec preganjanja
(a) the State;
(b) parties or organisations controlling the State or a substantial part of the territory of the State;
(c) non-State actors, if it can be demonstrated that the actors mentioned in (a) and (b), including international organisations, are unable or unwilling to provide protection against persecution or serious harm as defined in Art. 7 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive).
- BG: действие на преследване
- CZ: akt pronásledování
- DE: Verfolgungshandlung
- EE: tagakiusamisakt
- EN: act of persecution
- ES: actos de persecución
- FI: vainoksi katsottavat teot
- FR: actes de persécution
- GA: gníomh géarleanúna (iolra: gníomhartha géarleanúna)
- GR: πράξεις δίωξης
- HU: üldöz(tet)ésnek minősülő cselekmények
- IT: atti di persecuzione
- LT: persekiojimo veiksmas
- LV: vajāšanas darbība
- MT: Att ta’ persekuzzjoni
- NL: daden van vervolging
- NO: forfølgelseshandlinger (b) / forfølgingshandlingar (n)
- PL: prześladowanie
- PT: actos de perseguição
- RO: act de persecutie
- SE: förföljelse
- SK: čin prenasledovania / akt prenasledovania
- SL: dejanje preganjanja
In the EU context and within the meaning of Art. 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, acts which are
(a) sufficiently serious by their nature or repetition as to constitute a severe violation of basic human rights, in particular the rights from which derogation cannot be made under Art. 15(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights; or
(b) an accumulation of various measures, including violation of human rights which is sufficiently severe as to affect an individual in a similar manner as mentioned in (a).
a) acts of physical or mental violence, including acts of sexual violence;
b) legal, administrative, police, and/or judicial measures which are in themselves discriminatory or which are implemented in a discriminatory manner;
c) prosecution or punishment which is disproportionate or discriminatory;
d) denial of judicial redress resulting in a disproportionate or discriminatory punishment;
e) prosecution or punishment for refusal to perform military service in a conflict, where performing military service would include crimes or acts falling within the scope of the grounds for exclusion as set out in Art. 12(2);
(f) acts of a gender-specific or child-specific nature.
- BG: преследване
- CZ: pronásledování
- DE: Verfolgung
- EE: tagakiusamine
- EN: persecution
- ES: persecución
- FI: vaino
- FR: persécution
- GA: géarleanúint
- GR: δίωξη
- HU: üldöz(tet)és
- IT: persecuzione
- LT: persekiojimas
- LV: vajāšana
- MT: Persekuzzjoni
- NL: vervolging
- NO: forfølgelse (b) / forfølging (n)
- PL: prześladowanie
- PT: perseguição
- RO: persecuţie
- SE: förföljelse
- SK: prenasledovanie
- SL: preganjanje
Human rights abuses or other serious harm, often, but not always, with a systematic or repetitive element.
The core concept of persecution was deliberately not defined in the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, to suggesting that the drafters intended it to be interpreted in a sufficiently flexible manner so as to encompass ever-changing forms of persecution.
- BG: лице, което отговаря на условията за субсидиарна закрила
- CZ: osoba, která má nárok na doplňkovou ochranu
- DE: Person mit Anspruch auf subsidiären Schutz
- EE: täiendava kaitse saamise nõuetele vastav isik
- EN: person eligible for subsidiary protection
- ES: persona con derecho a protección subsidiaria
- FI: henkilö, joka voi saada toissijaista suojelua
- FR: personne pouvant bénéficier de la protection subsidiaire
- GA: duine atá i dteideal cosaint choimhdeach
- GR: άτομο επιλέξιμο για επικουρική προστασία
- HU: kiegészítő védelemben részesített személy / oltalmazott
- IT: persona avente titolo a beneficiare della protezione sussidiaria
- LT: papildomą apsaugą galintis gauti asmuo
- LV: persona, kura tiesīga uz alternatīvo statusu
- MT: Persuna eliġibbli għal protezzjoni sussidjarja
- NL: persoon die voor subsidiaire bescherming in aanmerking komt
- NO: person som har krav på subsidiær beskyttelse (b) / person som har krav på subsidiært vern (n)
- PL: osoba kwalifikująca się do ochrony uzupełniającej
- PT: pessoa elegível para protecção subsidiária
- RO: persoană eligibilă pentru protecţie subsidiară
- SE: person som uppfyller kraven för att betecknas som subsidiärt skyddsbehövande
- SK: osoba oprávnená na doplnkovú ochranu
- SL: oseba upravičena do subsidiarne zaščite
A third-country national or a stateless person who does not qualify as a refugee but in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if returned to their country of origin, or in the case of a stateless person, to their country of former habitual residence, would face a real risk of suffering serious harm as defined in Art. 15 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) and to whom Art. 17(1) and (2) of said Directive do not apply, and is unable, or, owing to such risk, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
- BG: субсидиарна закрила
- CZ: doplňková ochrana
- DE: subsidiärer Schutz
- EE: täiendav kaitse
- EN: subsidiary protection
- ES: protección subsidiaria
- FI: toissijainen suojelu
- FR: protection subsidiaire
- GA: cosaint choimhdeach
- GR: επικουρική προστασία
- HU: kiegészítő védelem
- IT: protezione sussidiaria
- LT: papildoma apsauga
- LV: alternatīvā aizsardzība
- MT: Protezzjoni sussidjarja
- NL: subsidiaire bescherming
- NO: subsidiær beskyttelse (b) / subsidiært vern (n)
- PL: ochrona (uzupełniająca)
- PT: ochrona (uzupełniająca)
- RO: protecţie subsidiară
- SE: subsidiärt skydd
- SK: doplnková ochrana
- SL: subsidiarna zaščita
The protection given to a third-country national or a stateless person who does not qualify as a refugee but in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if returned to their country of origin, or in the case of a stateless person to their country of former habitual residence, would face a real risk of suffering serious harm as defined in Art. 15 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive), and to whom Art. 17(1) and (2) of this Directive do not apply, and is unable or, owing to such risk, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
This term is not used in UK (see ‘humanitarian protection’).
- BG: бежанец вследствие на (гражданска) война
- CZ: uprchlík z důvodu (občanské) války
- DE: (Bürger-)Kriegsflüchtling
- EE: sõjapõgenik
- EN: (civil) war refugee
- ES: refugiado por conflictos bélicos
- FI: ([sisällis]sota)pakolainen
- FR: réfugié de guerre (civile)
- GA: dídeanaí cogaidh chathartha
- GR: πρόσφυγας εμφυλίου πολέμου
- HU: (polgár) háborús menekült
- IT: rifugiato a causa di una guerra civile
- LT: pabėgėlis dėl (pilietinio) karo
- LV: [pilsoņu] kara bēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) minħabba gwerra (ċivili)
- NL: [burger]oorlogsvluchteling
- NO: (borger)krigsflyktning (b) / (borgar)krigsflyktning (n)
- PL: uchodźca wojenny
- PT: refugiados de guerra
- RO: refugiat de razboi (civil)
- SE: krigsflykting
- SK: utečenec z dôvodu (občianskej) vojny
- SL: (civilni) vojni begunec
A person who leaves their country to escape from the effects of armed conflicts (direct effects of fighting, assaults of combat troops, displacements etc.).
2. If there is a mass influx to the EU of such persons who have been displaced, they may also be eligible for temporary protection in accordance with Council Directive 2001/55/EC (Temporary Protection Directive).
- BG: тежки посегателства
- CZ: vážná újma
- DE: ernsthafter Schaden
- EE: tõsine oht / kahju
- EN: serious harm
- ES: daños graves
- FI: vakava haitta
- FR: atteinte grave
- GA: díobháil thromchúiseach
- HU: súlyos veszély
- IT: danno grave
- LT: didelė žala
- LV: smags kaitējums
- MT: Dannu(-i) serju(-i)
- NL: ernstige schade
- NO: alvorlig skade (b) / alvorleg skade (n)
- PL: poważna krzywda
- PT: ofensas graves
- RO: vătămare gravă
- SE: allvarlig skada
- SK: vážne bezprávie
- SL: resna škoda
- BG: субект на закрила
- CZ: vertimo nėra
- DE: Akteur, der Schutz bieten kann
- EE: kaitset tagav isik
- EN: actor of protection
- ES: agentes de protección
- FI: suojelun tarjoajat
- FR: acteur de la protection
- GA: gníomhaí cosanta (iolra: gníomhaithe cosanta)
- GR: φορείς προστασίας
- HU: a védelem szereplői
- IT: soggetto che offre protezione
- LT: apsaugos teikėjas
- LV: aizsardzības dalībnieks
- MT: Aġent t’att ta’ protezzjoni
- NL: actoren van bescherming
- NO: aktører som gir beskyttelse (b) / aktørar som gjev vern (n)
- PL: podmiot udzielający ochrony
- PT: agentes de protecção
- RO: agent de protectie
- SE: aktörer som ger skydd
- SK: aktéri ochrany
- SL: akter nudenja zaščite
Such protection is generally provided when the actors mentioned under points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1 take reasonable steps to prevent the persecution or suffering of serious harm, inter alia, by operating an effective legal system for the detection, prosecution and punishment of acts constituting persecution or serious harm, and when the applicant has access to such protection.
- BG: лице, което отговаря на условията за субсидиарна закрила
- CZ: osoba, která má nárok na doplňkovou ochranu
- DE: Person mit Anspruch auf subsidiären Schutz
- EE: täiendava kaitse saamise nõuetele vastav isik
- EN: person eligible for subsidiary protection
- ES: persona con derecho a protección subsidiaria
- FI: henkilö, joka voi saada toissijaista suojelua
- FR: personne pouvant bénéficier de la protection subsidiaire
- GA: duine atá i dteideal cosaint choimhdeach
- GR: άτομο επιλέξιμο για επικουρική προστασία
- HU: kiegészítő védelemben részesített személy / oltalmazott
- IT: persona avente titolo a beneficiare della protezione sussidiaria
- LT: papildomą apsaugą galintis gauti asmuo
- LV: persona, kura tiesīga uz alternatīvo statusu
- MT: Persuna eliġibbli għal protezzjoni sussidjarja
- NL: persoon die voor subsidiaire bescherming in aanmerking komt
- NO: person som har krav på subsidiær beskyttelse (b) / person som har krav på subsidiært vern (n)
- PL: osoba kwalifikująca się do ochrony uzupełniającej
- PT: pessoa elegível para protecção subsidiária
- RO: persoană eligibilă pentru protecţie subsidiară
- SE: person som uppfyller kraven för att betecknas som subsidiärt skyddsbehövande
- SK: osoba oprávnená na doplnkovú ochranu
- SL: oseba upravičena do subsidiarne zaščite
A third-country national or a stateless person who does not qualify as a refugee but in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if returned to their country of origin, or in the case of a stateless person, to their country of former habitual residence, would face a real risk of suffering serious harm as defined in Art. 15 of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) and to whom Art. 17(1) and (2) of said Directive do not apply, and is unable, or, owing to such risk, unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country.
- BG: реален риск от тежки посегателства
- CZ: reálné riziko vážné újmy
- DE: tatsächliche Gefahr, einen ernsthaften Schaden zu erleiden
- EE: reaalne risk tõsise ohu tekkimiseks
- EN: real risk of suffering serious harm
- ES: riesgo real de sufrir daños graves
- FI: todellinen vaara joutua kärsimään vakavaa haittaa
- FR: risque réel de subir des atteintes graves
- GA: baol iarbhír díobháil thromchúiseach a fhulaingt
- GR: πραγματικός κίνδυνος σοβαρής βλάβης
- HU: súlyos sérelem elszenvedésének tényleges veszélye
- IT: rischio effettivo di subire un grave danno
- LT: realus pavojus patirti didelę žalą
- LV: reāls risks ciest smagu kaitējumu
- MT: Riskju reali / veru li ġġarrab dannu(-i) serju(-i)
- NL: reëel risico op het lijden van ernstige schade
- NO: reell fare for alvorlig skade (b) / reell fare for alvorleg skade (n)
- PL: rzeczywiste ryzyko doznania poważnej krzywdy
- RO: risc real de vătămare fizică gravă
- SE: verklig risk för att lida allvarlig skada
- SK: reálne riziko utrpenia vážneho bezprávia / reálne riziko vážneho bezprávia
- SL: utemeljeno tveganje resne škode
Risk of serious harm experienced by an applicant for international protection which is considered to be both real and likely to occur.
2. The European Court of Human Rights has ruled in a high number of different cases that there is a violation of Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ‘if substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if deported, faces a real risk of being subjected to treatment contrary to Art. 3 ECHR’. In light of the Court’s consequent jurisprudence, this standard means that:
(a) there is no need for the risk to be very high (no certainty or significant probability requirement);
(b) at the same time the risk cannot be a mere possibility (a distant, vague or theoretical alternative).
Developed by EMN
- BG: сигурна трета страна
- CZ: bezpečná třetí země
- DE: sicherer Drittstaat
- EE: turvaline kolmas riik
- EN: safe third country
- ES: tercer país seguro
- FI: turvallinen kolmas maa
- FR: pays tiers sûr
- GA: tríú tír atá sábháilte
- GR: ασφαλής τρίτη χώρα
- HU: biztonságos harmadik ország
- IT: paese terzo sicuro
- LT: saugi trečioji šalis
- LV: droša trešā valsts
- MT: Pajjiż terz sigur / bla perikli
- NL: veilig derde land
- NO: trygt tredjeland
- PL: bezpieczny kraj trzeci
- PT: país terceiro seguro
- RO: ţară / stat terţ(ă) sigură
- SE: säkert tredjeland
- SK: bezpečná tretia krajina
- SL: varna tretja država
(a) life and liberty are not threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion;
(b) there is no risk of serious harm as defined in Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) ;
(c) the principle of non-refoulement in accordance with the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol is respected;
(d) the prohibition of removal, in violation of the right to freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment as laid down in international law, is respected; and
(e) the possibility exists to request refugee status and, if found to be a refugee, to receive protection in accordance with the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol.